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Decentralization Roadmap | Starknet Skip to content Developers Developers Hub SN Stack Build with AI Modular Ecosystem Tools & Resources Documentation Cairo Book Tutorials Version Releases Ecosystem Projects and Tools Ecosystem Projects Crypto Wallets Bridges & on-ramps DeFi dApps Block Explorers & Monitoring tools Grants Grants Overview Seed Grants Growth Grants Community Decentralization Governance Staking Roadmap Get Involved Events Ambassadors Program Jobs Community Forum Online Communities Resources Layer 2 Discover Our Layer 2 Scaling Solutions Account Abstraction How AA improves Blockchain Usability DEX Aggregator Explore the Benefits of DEX Aggregators AMM Crypto Watch How AMMs Are Changing Crypto Trading Blog Glossary FAQs Media Kit Network Dune Dashboard Starknet Status Page Bridge Earn Menu Starknet Roadmap Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Protocol features Settlement on Ethereum Native account abstraction Cairo and Sierra Parallel execution Block packing Blobs for data availability Fee payment in STRK 2-second tx confirmation Sub-cent fees <1 second pre-confirmations Fee market S-two prover is integrated into SHARP Cairo Native Bitcoin bridge – federated model, BitVM 2-second block time STRK20 (bring privacy to all ERC20s) Quantum-resistant cryptography Full settlement on Bitcoin + Ethereum Performance 5+ sustained TPS 10 second + tx confirmation 100+ sustained TPS 400+ sustained TPS 1k max TPS 1k+ sustained TPS 5k+ max TPS 10k+ sustained TPS Decentralization Proof mechanism from day 1 Staking v1 – permissionless protocol and stake delegation Open-source stack First governance vote on Starknet mainnet SN Stack Stage 1 Rollup on Ethereum – L2Beat Staking v2 – block attestation Distributed sequencer architecture Mempool Staking v3 – decentralized block validation Staking v4 – fully decentralized consensus and network operation Decentralized proving Product offerings Starknet, the permissionless L2 validity rollup, is born on Ethereum Stake STRK, delegate stake Appchains Bitcoin integrations on Starknet projects Bitcoin wallets integration – Xverse Bitcoin DeFi (BTCFi) on Starknet BTC Staking Asset Runes bridging S-two verifier on Starknet Client-side proving Trust-minimized BTC DeFi – making use of trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge strkBTC S-two proof verification within Starknet Fully trustless, native bridge between Starknet and Bitcoin Phase 1 Protocol features Settlement on Ethereum Native account abstraction Cairo and Sierra Performance 5+ sustained TPS 10 second + tx confirmation Decentralization Proof mechanism from day 1 Product offerings Starknet, the permissionless L2 validity rollup, is born on Ethereum Phase 2 Protocol features Parallel execution Block packing Blobs for data availability Fee payment in STRK 2-second tx confirmation Sub-cent fees Performance 100+ sustained TPS Decentralization Staking v1 – permissionless protocol and stake delegation Open-source stack First governance vote on Starknet mainnet SN Stack Product offerings Stake STRK, delegate stake Appchains Phase 3 Protocol features <1 second pre-confirmations Fee market S-two prover is integrated into SHARP Cairo Native Performance 400+ sustained TPS 1k max TPS Decentralization Stage 1 Rollup on Ethereum – L2Beat Staking v2 – block attestation Distributed sequencer architecture Mempool Product offerings Bitcoin integrations on Starknet projects Bitcoin wallets integration – Xverse Bitcoin DeFi (BTCFi) on Starknet BTC Staking Asset Runes bridging Phase 4 Protocol features Bitcoin bridge – federated model, BitVM 2-second block time STRK20 (bring privacy to all ERC20s) Quantum-resistant cryptography Performance 1k+ sustained TPS 5k+ max TPS Decentralization Staking v3 – decentralized block validation Staking v4 – fully decentralized consensus and network operation Product offerings S-two verifier on Starknet Client-side proving Trust-minimized BTC DeFi – making use of trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge strkBTC S-two proof verification within Starknet Phase 5 Protocol features Full settlement on Bitcoin + Ethereum Performance 10k+ sustained TPS Decentralization Decentralized proving Product offerings Fully trustless, native bridge between Starknet and Bitcoin Phase 1: The Launch Done Phase 1 began with the launch of Starknet Mainnet, a validity rollup that uses STARK proofs to ensure the integrity of every state update. From the outset, Starknet has required a valid proof for every change to the network’s state, making it impossible for invalid transactions to slip through. Starknet transactions settle on Ethereum by verifying STARK proofs that attest to each state transition. This ensures the network inherits Ethereum’s security guarantees and decentralization. Because proofs must be verified on Ethereum, no entity—not even StarkWare or the Starknet Foundation—can manipulate user data or assets without detection. Starknet also launched with native account abstraction , making smart-contract accounts the default and enabling developers to deliver Web2-style UX, such as passkey logins and biometric authentication. Phase 2: Performance Meets Engagement Done Phase 2 focused on enhancing Starknet’s performance. The v0.13.2 ‘Bolt’ upgrade introduced parallel execution, enabling the simultaneous processing of independent transactions, thus increasing throughput. Block packing was also implemented, decoupling L2 block production from L1 state updates, leading to faster confirmations and lower L1 costs. Additionally, Starknet adopted Ethereum’s EIP-4844 upgrade, utilizing blobs for more efficient data availability. These enhancements enabled the network to reach several key performance milestones : 127 sustained tps 2-second transaction confirmations sub-cent fees Phase 2 also marked meaningful progress toward Starknet’s decentralization goals . While the network has been secured by a fully functioning validity proof mechanism since inception, the long-term vision is to evolve into a fully decentralized Proof-of-Stake (PoS) network. Two important pillars advanced during this phase were: SN Stack Key components of the Starknet infrastructure were made publicly available for projects looking to build their very own custom chains . While this doesn’t directly decentralize public Starknet, it empowers others to build their own rollups or appchains using the same ZK tech stack that powers public Starknet. This broadens participation in the ecosystem and lays foundational groundwork for future decentralization. Staking v1 STRK staking was introduced with a permissionless staking protocol and stake delegation, in which validators are required to run full nodes, in preparation for future validator responsibilities in the next staking stages. This gradual approach to implementing a staking mechanism allows for careful integration and gives network participants time to adapt. The vote to usher in the minting curve for staking rewards was the first community vote to be conducted directly on Starknet mainnet. Phase 3: On the Bitcoin-Aligned Path to Decentralization Done This is Starknet’s current phase. It includes Starknet’s plan to become a unifying Layer 2 for both Ethereum and Bitcoin, and major advancements in decentralization. Since announcing the campaign to become the execution layer for Bitcoin in early 2025, with the intention of scaling Bitcoin from 13 tps to thousands and enabling complex functionality such as DeFi dApps , a host of Bitcoin-related product offerings have already been implemented on Starknet , including: Lightning Network payments with the Braavos wallet Integration of the Xverse Bitcoin wallet on Starknet Atomiq provides cross-chain conversion solution for direct swap between native BTC and wBTC A federated Runes bridge with Asset Runes As for decentralization, this phase both introduces more responsibilities to validators as part of the next stage of STRK staking, and also lays the groundwork for the full decentralization of Starknet, with a protocol upgrade implementing a distributed sequencer layer. Staking v2 During the second phase of staking, validators gain more network-maintenance responsibility and begin attesting blocks, enabling public measurement of their performance and reliability. Staking v2 also strengthens the incentive structure for validators by allowing them to increase their commission from delegators. This protocol upgrade is a foundational upgrade in Starknet’s journey toward a more decentralized and economically sustainable protocol. Distributed sequencer architecture Starknet v0.14.0, the ‘Grinta’ upgrade, marks a significant milestone on the road to full decentralization. With this upgrade, the network lays the foundation for a distributed sequencer layer: three independent sequencers reaching consensus and building blocks, each with its own mempool, and a native fee market to support future operator incentives. This version also introduces improved latency with sub-second pre-confirmations and a standardized paymaster interface for ease of integration. Phase 3 will also include major improvements to the network’s performance with the implementation of the open-source S-two prover into SHARP, the shared proving service, and the implantation of Cairo Native, which will allow for native smart contract execution. Both will bring about higher throughput and lower latency, as well as lower fees. Phase 4: Bitcoin Headway & Privacy Breakthroughs In progress Phase 4 includes major news for privacy on Starknet: STRK20 and strkBTC. STRK20 is a framework that brings privacy capabilities to ERC20s on Starknet, enabling compliant shielding and balances. strkBTC is a wrapped BTC asset on Starknet, redeemable for native BTC strkBTC, with optional shielding for private balances and transactions. Phase 4 will also align all the elements for full decentralization of the network with Starknet v0.15.0 and Staking v3 and v4: Starknet v0.15.0 This version continues the network’s journey toward full decentralization by introducing decentralized block validation—ensuring that block correctness can be independently verified by anyone, not just trusted parties. Staking v3 During this stage, validators will validate and vote on blocks sequenced by the sequencers. At this point, participation in consensus and block validation will be permissionless. A block will be finalized only if more than ⅔ of the stake voted on it. Staking v4 Staking v4 will allow validators to assume full responsibility for maintaining and operating the network. However, the proving process will remain centralized under StarkWare. Starknet continues to advocate for the implementation of Bitcoin’s OP_CAT upgrade, which will enable Starknet’s trustless settlement on Bitcoin, and is also actively researching and implementing other Starknet-to-Bitcoin bridges, like additional federated models, BitVMs and the ColliderVM, which will open the door to more Bitcoin DeFi on Starknet. In addition, a S-two verifier on Starknet is expected to make it the default network for verifying client-side proofs. S-two, the fastest prover in the world and the most suited for client-side proving, was introduced during Phase 3. Another S-two-related product that debuts in Phase 4 is proof verification within Starknet with v0.14.2. This allows applications to execute logic off-chain and prove it to the protocol, unlocking scaling through shards and ZK Threads ; and privacy, by hiding or encrypting parts of a transaction state securely. Lastly, Starknet is working toward full quantum security. STARK proofs are post-quantum by design, and StarkWare and Starknet are committed to studying the effects of post-quantum computing on blockchains and helping Bitcoin become post-quantum secure. Phase 5: Bitcoin and Decentralization Culmination Stay tuned The final phase of the Starknet roadmap will see Starknet’s staking protocol reach full decentralization with the decentralization of the proving mechanism. In addition, Starknet will operate as the unifying Layer 2, settling on both Bitcoin and Ethereum. Starknet will massively scale Bitcoin and natively open its community to complex use cases. As the execution layer of both Bitcoin and Ethereum, Starknet will enable the trustless flow of assets and a shared prosperity between the two largest blockchain communities. As for performance, we can expect to reach 10,000+ TPS during this final phase. And while Phase 5 is the end of Starknet’s current roadmap, it’s only the beginning of what’s to come. Stay tuned. Last updated: March 22, 2026 Developers Developers Hub SN Stack Build with AI Modular Ecosystem Documentation Cairo Book Tutorials Version Releases Ecosystem Crypto Bridge Ecosystem Projects Crypto Wallets Bridges & on-ramps DeFi dApps Starknet Grants Starknet Status Page Community Events Ambassadors Program Jobs Governance Roadmap Staking Community Forum Online communities Resources Blog Glossary FAQs Media Kit Account Abstraction Privacy Policy Terms & Conditions Terms Of Use