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Ethereum roadmap | ethereum.org Skip to main content Overview What is Ethereum? What is the Ethereum network? What is ether (ETH)? Ethereum's core principles What is Web3? How people use Ethereum Smart contracts Ethereum wallets Gas fees What are layer 2 networks? Staking Ethereum vs Bitcoin Privacy on Ethereum Ethereum security and scam prevention Support Test your knowledge Videos Start here Choose your wallet Get ETH Explore apps See all guides Payments Stablecoins Prediction markets See all use cases Solo staking Run a node Pooled staking Staking as a service Layer 2 networks Find an L2 network Blockchain bridges Builder's home Builder tools & apps Learn Ethereum development Tutorials Learn by coding Overview Foundational topics Ethereum stack UX/UI design fundamentals Founders Institution & enterprise Privacy for institutions and technical solutions Community hub Events calendar Online communities Devcon Where to start Grants About ethereum.org Contributing to ethereum.org Translation Program ethereum.org collectibles Brand assets Ethereum Whitepaper Reports Governance Overview Improved security Cheaper transactions Better user experience Privacy EIPs - Ethereum improvement proposals ERCs Bug bounty Trillion-dollar security Energy consumption History & founders Technical history Open research Data & analytics tools Ethereum Foundation Ethereum's development is community-driven and subject to change. Ethereum roadmap The path to more scalability, security and sustainability for Ethereum. In production Paris (The Merge) September 15, 2022 In production Shapella April 12, 2023 In production Dencun March 13, 2024 In production Pectra May 7, 2025 In production Fusaka December 3, 2025 In development Glamsterdam Q4 2026 In development Hegotá 2027 Previous slide Next slide Paris (The Merge) September 15, 2022 Main features Transition to Proof of Stake Replaced energy-intensive mining with staking-based consensus Reduced Ethereum's energy consumption by ~99.95% Beacon Chain Integration Merged the Beacon Chain with the Ethereum mainnet Enabled the full transition to PoS consensus mechanism Difficulty Bomb Removal Removed the difficulty bomb that was increasing mining difficulty Ensured smooth transition to the new consensus mechanism Learn more Shapella April 12, 2023 Main features Staking withdrawals Enabled validators to withdraw their staked ETH and rewards Introduced partial and full withdrawal capabilities EIP-4895: Beacon chain push withdrawals Added a new system-level operation for withdrawals Ensured secure and efficient processing of withdrawal requests EIP-3651: Warm COINBASE Reduced gas costs for accessing the COINBASE address Improved efficiency of certain smart contract operations Learn more Dencun March 13, 2024 Main features Proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) Introduced blob transactions to significantly reduce rollup transaction costs Added a new transaction type that stores data temporarily and cheaply EIP-1153: Transient storage opcodes Added TSTORE and TLOAD opcodes for temporary storage during transaction execution Enables more efficient smart contract patterns and reduces gas costs EIP-4788: Beacon block root in the EVM Exposes consensus layer information to smart contracts Enables new trust-minimized applications and cross-chain bridges Learn more Pectra May 7, 2025 Main features Enhance EOA wallets with smart contract functionality Users can set their address to be represented by a code of an existing smart contract and gain benefits such as transaction batching, transaction fee sponsorship or better recovery mechanisms Increase the max effective balance Stakers can now hold up to 2048 ETH in one validator instead of exactly 32, earning rewards on every ETH above the minimum Blob throughput increase Raised the blob target to 6 per block with a maximum of 9, making transactions on rollups cheaper Learn more Track changes (opens in a new tab) Fusaka December 3, 2025 Main features PeerDAS (Peer-to-Peer Data Availability Sampling) Enables more efficient data availability for rollups Makes running a node more accessible while maintaining decentralization Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Forks Allows flexible blob count increases between major upgrades Enables faster adaptation to L2 scaling needs without waiting for coordinated hard forks Gas Limit & DoS Hardening Transaction gas limit cap of 16.7M gas per transaction Raised the default gas limit to 60M, increasing L1 execution capacity Learn more Track changes (opens in a new tab) Glamsterdam Q4 2026 Main features Enshrined proposer-builder separation Separates block agreement from processing, helping L1 scale by allowing validators to process more data Natively integrates builders so validators can safely outsource block assembly without trusting external software Block-level access lists Introduces mandatory access lists at the block level, rather than for individual transactions Maps dependencies upfront for faster syncs, parallel execution, and parallel disk reads Lowers gas for state-heavy apps and improves gas cost predictability Learn more Track changes (opens in a new tab) Hegotá 2027 Main features Fork-choice enforced inclusion lists (FOCIL) Lets a committee of validators require that valid transactions are included, so no single block builder can leave them out Decouples censorship resistance from local block building, removing a constraint on scaling L1 Strengthens layer 2 settlement guarantees, which can shorten exit windows for optimistic rollups Frame transactions Adds a transaction type where the account itself decides what makes a transaction valid, rather than one fixed signature scheme Makes social recovery, spending limits and sponsored gas native to the protocol instead of bolted on Gives accounts a path to post-quantum signature schemes Scope is not final. These are the changes scheduled so far, and dozens more have been proposed. Learn more Track changes (opens in a new tab) Previous slide Next slide What changes are coming to Ethereum? Ethereum is already a powerful platform, but it is still being improved. An ambitious set of improvements will upgrade Ethereum from its current form into a fully scaled, maximally resilient platform. Cheaper transactions Upgrades to Ethereum and its rollups are adding capacity to the network, making transactions cheaper and faster for everyone. More on scaling Extra security Ethereum is already very secure but it can be made even stronger, ready to withstand all kinds of attack far into the future. More on security Better user experience More support for smart contract wallets and light-weight nodes will make using Ethereum simpler and safer. More on UX Privacy by default Privacy on Ethereum is moving from an optional add-on to a network-level default, with upgrades that protect what users read, send, and prove onchain. More on privacy Why does Ethereum need a roadmap? Ethereum gets regular upgrades that enhance its scalability, security, or sustainability. One of Ethereum's core strengths is adapting as new ideas emerge from research and development. Adaptability gives Ethereum the flexibility to tackle emerging challenges and keep up with the most advanced technological breakthroughs. How the roadmap is defined The roadmap is mostly the result of years of work by researchers and developers - because the protocol is very technical - but any motivated person can participate. Ideas usually start off as discussions on a forum such as ethresear.ch (opens in a new tab) , Ethereum Magicians (opens in a new tab) or the Eth R&D discord server. They may be responses to new vulnerabilities that are discovered, suggestions from organizations working in the application layer (such as dapps and exchanges) or from known frictions for end users (such as costs or transaction speeds). When these ideas mature, they can be proposed as Ethereum Improvement Proposals (opens in a new tab) . This is all done in public so that anyone from the community can weigh in at any time. More on Ethereum governance What technical upgrades are coming to Ethereum? Post-quantum security Quantum computers could one day break the cryptography that blockchains rely on. Ethereum's post-quantum upgrades will replace vulnerable algorithms before quantum computing becomes a real threat. Learn more Single slot finality Instead of waiting for fifteen minutes, blocks could get proposed and finalized in the same slot. This is more convenient for apps and difficult to attack. Learn more zkEVM Zero-knowledge proofs could allow validators to verify Ethereum blocks without re-executing transactions, enabling higher gas limits without raising hardware requirements. Learn more Statelessness Stateless clients will be able to verify new blocks without having to store large amounts of data. This will provide all the benefits of running a node with only a tiny fraction of today's costs. Learn more Account abstraction Account abstraction is a class of upgrades that support smart contract wallets natively on Ethereum, rather than having to use complex middleware. Learn more Danksharding Danksharding makes L2 rollups much cheaper for users by adding "blobs" of data to Ethereum blocks. Learn more What is the timeline for these upgrades? Will Ethereum's roadmap change over time? More Yes—almost definitely. The roadmap is the current plan for upgrading Ethereum, covering both near-term and future plans. We expect the roadmap to change as new information and technology become available. Think of Ethereum's roadmap as a set of intentions for improving Ethereum; it is the core researchers' and developers' best hypothesis of Ethereum's most optimal path forward. When will the roadmap be finished? More Some upgrades are lower priority and likely not to be implemented for the next 5-10 years (e.g. quantum resistance). Giving precise timing of each upgrade is complicated to predict as many roadmap items are worked on in parallel and developed at different speeds. The urgency of an upgrade can also change over time depending on external factors (e.g. a sudden leap in the performance and availability of quantum computers may make quantum-resistant cryptography more urgent). One way to think about Ethereum development is by analogy to biological evolution. A network that is able to adapt to new challenges and maintain fitness is more likely to succeed than one that is resistant to change, although as the network becomes more and more performant, scalable and secure fewer changes to the protocol will be required. Do I have to do anything to prepare for these upgrades? More Upgrades tend not to impact end-users except by providing better user-experiences and a more secure protocol and perhaps more options for how to interact with Ethereum. Regular users are not required to actively participate in an upgrade, nor are they required to do anything** to secure their assets. Node operators will need to update their clients to prepare for an upgrade. Some upgrades may lead to changes for application developers. For example, history expiry upgrades may lead application developers to grab historical data from new sources. What about sharding? More Sharding is splitting up the Ethereum blockchain so that subsets of validators are only responsible for a fraction of the total data. This was originally intended to be the way for Ethereum to scale. However, layer 2 rollups have developed much faster than expected and have provided a lot of scaling already, and will provide much more after Proto-Danksharding is implemented. This means "shard chains" are no longer needed and have been dropped from the roadmap. Was this page helpful? Yes No Website last updated : September 8, 2026 Go to top ethereum.org Learn Learn Hub What is Ethereum? What is ether (ETH)? Ethereum wallets What is Web3? 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